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Buyers' Guide to Encoding 2017

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编码市场由数百种服务和数千种产品组成. 可以毫不夸张地说,编码器有各种形状和大小, 从蓬松的云状服务到硬边的pico编码器,可能可以阻挡子弹, since their components are so densely packed together.

2017年版本的编码器买家指南试图捕捉一小部分(没有双关语的意思),以便为您的特定需求做出最佳编码器的决定.

Establishing a Baseline

第一个决定不一定是关于编码器的品牌或类型. 而, 这是一个关于你需要什么作为分辨率基线的决定, 比特率, 延迟, and intended delivery platform.

目前大多数编码器都倾向于两种高清晰度(HD)分辨率中的一种——720p(1280水平像素乘720垂直像素)或1080p(1920水平像素乘1080垂直像素)——尽管一些现代编码器仍然倾向于标准清晰度(SD)分辨率,以改善延迟和限制初始捕获和编码输出之间的延迟.

A few encoders on the market go in the opposite direction, 提供被称为超高清(UHD)的4K分辨率,水平像素为3840,垂直像素为2160. 是的, 如果你将它与720p和1080p分辨率进行比较,它真的相当于2K, but that’s what happens when marketers get to name products.

Baselining 比特率 can be a bit trickier. 使用高级视频编码(AVC)可以以行业平均比特率传输720p和1080p。, better known as H.264.

Advances in encoding, 虽然, 是否允许超高清内容——甚至一些1080p内容——以低于平均数据速率传输, thanks to the introduction of image optimization and newer codecs. Image optimization enhances existing codecs such as H.264,在给定有限的计算百家乐软件的情况下,选择图像的哪些部分要优先考虑.

Newer codecs, such as high-efficiency video coding (HEVC/H.265) or even VP9, offer some benefit over H.264, 尽管HEVC一直受到许可问题的困扰,VP9在一个对H满意的市场上也遇到了阻力.264编码 quality. 结果是, VP9 was the last VPx product released by Google, 在谷歌发布了VP10的初始规格后不久,他们决定将以前被称为VP10的编解码器纳入新的开放媒体联盟的AOMedia Video 1 (AV1)编解码器.

考虑到许多媒体服务器可以从一个分辨率降采样到一个更低的分辨率, a topic we cover in this year's transcoding Buyers’ Guide, 最好选择您可以通过Internet连接安全地发送到媒体服务器的最高质量.

对于带宽基线,一个好的经验法则是发送一个比特率,它不超过平均容量的60%. You can test bandwidth capacity by using DSL报告.com or other similar multilocation testing tools.

Latency is another baseline that you’ll need to establish, 根据编码器将输入视频信号转换为编码流所需的时间.

Some streaming solutions, 例如苹果 HTTP Live Streaming (HLS)或基于HTTP的MPEG-DASH交付, 从编码时间到编码器能够发送前三个小文件段的时间是否需要30秒以上. 在这种情况下,延迟不是编码器的首要要求之一.

但是,如果您使用的是媒体服务器,那么低延迟是可以实现的. 在某些情况下, 可以将一个基于rtmp的高分辨率流发送到媒体服务器, 这将反过来转码和打包段HTTP交付, 以及为那些拥有能够观看低延迟RTMP流的播放器的用户提供低延迟流.

这里的权衡是需要构建交付基础设施来处理HTTP和RTMP流交付. As we discussed in the recent “延迟糟透了!”文章不过,像WebRTC这样的新技术可能有助于在延迟需求方面取得平衡.

最后, while it should go without saying, your choice of encoder must be able to address your intended audience. 苹果的HLS包装和细分如此受欢迎的一个原因是,有数亿的移动设备可以观看基于HLS的内容, including not just 苹果 iOS mobile phones and tablets, 还有使用安卓操作系统的智能手机和平板电脑.

By the same token, VP9和较新的AV1是主要使用Mozilla Firefox浏览或浏览网页的用户的关键, 最近, want to watch 4K content on YouTube. YouTube had announced in mid-2015 that it was moving away from H.264 in favor of VP9 for 4K content, 但从2017年初开始,YouTube上的一些4K内容在美国才不可用.264编码.

形成因素

现在我们已经介绍了编码决策的基准标准, let’s look at a few of the form factors that encoders come in these days. 以前, only server- and portable-encoding systems were available, but a lot has changed in the past few years.

集成

从内置摄像头的智能手机和平板电脑,到台式显示器和超便携笔记本电脑, 现在,大量的计算设备都集成了流媒体功能.

After all, the only requirement is a camera. 现在许多设备都有两个——一个正面,一个背面——以及某种形式的音频捕捉. The most recent laptops from 苹果 and HP even have dual microphones, 作为一种倾听和潜在地消除环境或背景噪音的方法,以使语音捕捉更好.

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